No person shall be held responsible for a capital crime or other notorious crime unless there is an indictment or indictment by a grand jury, except in cases involving land, naval or militia forces when they are actually serving in time of war or public emergency; nor may anyone be endangered to his life or physical integrity twice for the same offence; may not be compelled to testify against himself in criminal proceedings, nor shall he be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process; Nor should private property be taken for public use without fair compensation. Any order, resolution, or vote requiring the consent of the Senate and House of Representatives (except on an adjournment matter) must be submitted to the President of the United States; and before it enters into force, is approved by it, or is rejected by it, it shall be re-adopted by two-thirds of the Senate and the House of Representatives in accordance with the rules and restrictions prescribed in the case of a bill. A number of presidential and vice-presidential electors equal to the total number of senators and congressional representatives to which the district would be entitled if it were a state, but in no case more than the least populous state; they are in addition to those appointed by States, but are considered electors nominated by a State for the election of the President and Vice-President; and they shall meet in the district and exercise the functions provided for in the twelfth amendment article. The accused has time to review all the evidence in the case and present a legal argument. Then the case goes to court and decided by a jury. If it is concluded that the accused is not guilty of the crime, the charge is dismissed. Otherwise, the judge determines the sentence, which may include imprisonment, a fine or even execution. Jurisdiction extends to all cases arising under the provisions of this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties entered into or made under its authority; — all cases involving ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;—all cases under admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;—disputes to which the United States is a party;—disputes between two or more states;—between one state and citizens of another state;—between citizens of different states;—between citizens of the same state claiming land with grants from different states, and between a State or its citizens and foreign States, citizens or subjects. Whenever two-thirds of both chambers deem it necessary, Congress shall propose amendments to this Constitution or, at the request of the legislatures of two-thirds of each State, convene a convention to propose amendments which, in both cases, are valid in all respects within the framework of this Constitution.

when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the individual states or by three-fourths conventions, depending on whether either form of ratification may be proposed by Congress; However, any amendment which may be made before the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any way affect the first and fourth sections of the ninth sections of the first article; and that no state shall be deprived of its equal right to vote in the Senate without its consent. Although the function of judicial review is not expressly provided for in the Constitution, it was provided for prior to the adoption of this document. Before 1789, state courts had already repealed legislative acts that contradicted state constitutions. Moreover, many of the Founding Fathers expected the Supreme Court to assume this role with respect to the Constitution; Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, for example, had emphasized the importance of judicial review in the Federalist Papers urging the adoption of the Constitution. All legislative powers granted herein shall be transferred to a United States Congress, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. No House may adjourn for more than three days during the session of Congress or at any place other than that at which both Houses meet, without the consent of the others. to exercise in all cases exclusive law over the district (not more than ten square miles), which may become the seat of the Government of the United States by cession of certain states and passage of Congress, and to exercise the same authority over all places acquired with the consent of the legislature of the state in which it is to be situated, for the construction of forts, magazines, arsenals, shipyards and other necessary buildings; – Consensus opinions are not binding because they have not received the majority of the Court`s support, but they can be used by lawyers as persuasive elements. There are rare circumstances in which consensus opinion eventually becomes law, as in Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., section 5.

Sections 1 and 2 shall come into force on October 15 following the ratification of this Article. In all cases involving ambassadors, other ministers and consuls and in which a State is to be a party, the Supreme Court has jurisdiction in the first instance. In all the other cases mentioned above, the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to appeal, both in law and in fact, with these exceptions and according to the rules that Congress will adopt. The U.S. Constitution, written in 1787, ratified in 1788, and in effect since 1789, is the longest written government charter in the world. Its first three words – «We The People» – assert that the U.S. government exists to serve its citizens. The supremacy of the people by their elected representatives is recognized in Article I, which creates a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The position of Congress at the beginning of the Constitution confirms its status as the «first branch» of the federal government.

The Speaker has the power to fill any vacancies that may arise during the parliamentary recess by granting committees that expire at the end of their next session. Judges must exercise considerable discretion in deciding which cases to hear, as approximately 7,000 to 8,000 civil and criminal cases are filed annually by the Supreme Court through the various state and federal courts. The Supreme Court also has «trial jurisdiction» in a very small number of cases arising from interstate or state-federal disputes. A person charged with high treason, felony or other crime in a State absconding from justice and found in another State shall, at the request of the executive authority of the State from which he or she absconded, be extradited and expelled to the State having jurisdiction over the offence. No Senator or Representative may be appointed to a civil office under the authority of the United States created during the period for which he was elected, or the remuneration of such office has not been increased during that period; and no person holding office in the United States may be a member of either House during his term of office.